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Facial trauma pertains to an injury affecting the face, which may involve various facial bones like the upper jaw bone, known as the maxilla.
Alternative Names
Maxillofacial injury; Midface trauma; Facial injury; LeFort injuries
Causes:
Facial injuries can impact the upper jaw, lower jaw, cheek, nose, eye socket, or forehead and can result from blunt force trauma or wounds.
Common causes of facial injury include:- Motor vehicle accidents
- Incidents involving sharp objects
- Sports-related injuries
- Acts of violence
Symptoms
Symptoms associated with facial trauma may encompass:- Altered sensation across the face
- Facial asymmetry or irregularity in facial bones
- Difficulty in nasal breathing due to swelling and bleeding
- Diplopia (double vision)
- Tooth loss
- Swelling or bruising around the eyes leading to vision impairment
Exams and Tests
A healthcare provider will conduct a physical examination, observing for:- Nasal, ocular, or oral bleeding
- Nasal obstruction
- Skin lacerations
- Periorbital bruising or increased interocular distance, indicating potential orbital fractures
- Changes in vision or ocular motility
- Malocclusion (improper alignment of upper and lower teeth)
- Palpable facial irregularities suggestive of fractures
Treatment
Surgical intervention is warranted if the injury compromises normal function or results in significant deformity.
Treatment objectives include:- Hemorrhage control
- Establishment of a patent airway
- Reduction and fixation of fractured bone segments
- Scar prevention, if feasible
- Mitigation of long-term sequelae like diplopia or facial bone deformities
- xclusion of concomitant injuries
Outlook (Prognosis)
With appropriate management, most individuals experience favorable outcomes. Additional surgeries may be necessary within 6 to 12 months to address aesthetic concerns.
Possible Complications
- Hemorrhage
- Facial asymmetry
- Infection
- Neurological sequelae
- Paresthesia or weakness
- Visual impairment or diplopia
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Seek urgent medical attention or contact emergency services if you sustain a severe facial injury.
Prevention
Mitigate the risk of facial trauma by:- Using seat belts when driving
- Utilizing protective headgear during activities with potential facial injury hazards.
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